Learn about Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes

Solid State - Introduction

Solids are a state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume. They have a strong intermolecular force between their particles, which keeps them tightly packed together.

Classification of Solids

Based on the nature of intermolecular forces, solids can be classified into three types:

1. Ionic Solids:

• Composed of ions held together by electrostatic attraction.
• Typically have high melting points and are brittle.
• Examples: NaCl, KCl, MgO

2. Covalent Solids:

• Composed of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
• Have very high melting points and are hard.
• Examples: Diamond, Graphite, Quartz

3. Metallic Solids:

• Composed of metal atoms held together by metallic bonds.
• Have high melting points, are malleable, and ductile.
• Examples: Copper, Iron, Aluminum

Crystal Structure

The arrangement of particles in a solid is called its crystal structure. It can be described by its unit cell, which is the smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice.

Types of Unit Cells:

• Simple cubic
• Body-centered cubic (BCC)
• Face-centered cubic (FCC)

Crystal Systems

There are seven crystal systems based on the lengths and angles of their unit cell edges:

• Cubic
• Tetragonal
• Orthorhombic
• Hexagonal
• Monoclinic
• Triclinic
• Rhombohedral

Amorphous Solids

Solids that lack a definite crystal structure are called amorphous solids. They have a random arrangement of particles.

Examples: Glass, plastic, rubber

Properties of Solids

• Hardness: Resistance to scratching.
• Malleability: Ability to be hammered into thin sheets.
• Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires.
• Brittleness: Tendency to break into small pieces.
• Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
• Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas.  

Defects in Solids

Imperfections in the crystal structure of a solid are called defects. They can affect the properties of the solid.

• Point defects: Vacancies, interstitials, substitutional impurities
• Line defects: Dislocations
• Planar defects: Grain boundaries  

Applications of Solids

Solids have numerous applications in various fields, including:

• Materials science
• Electronics
• Nanotechnology
• Medicine
• Construction

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