Learn about Aldehydes Ketones & Carboxylic Acid - Chemistry Short Notes

Aldehydes Ketones & Carboxylic Acid

Aldehydes

• Functional Group: CHO (carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom)
• General Formula: RCHO (R is a hydrocarbon group)
• Examples: Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde
• Properties:
  • Reactive due to the polar carbonyl group
  • Undergo nucleophilic addition reactions
  • Can be oxidized to carboxylic acids
  • Have a characteristic odor (often pungent)

Ketones

• Functional Group: CO (carbonyl group attached to two hydrocarbon groups)
• General Formula: RCOR' (R and R' are hydrocarbon groups)
• Examples: Acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone
• Properties:
  • Less reactive than aldehydes due to the steric hindrance of the two hydrocarbon groups
  • Undergo nucleophilic addition reactions
  • Cannot be oxidized to carboxylic acids
  • Often used as solvents

Carboxylic Acids

• Functional Group: COOH (carboxyl group)
• General Formula: RCOOH (R is a hydrocarbon group)
• Examples: Acetic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid
• Properties:
  • Acidic due to the presence of the carboxyl group
  • Can form salts with bases
  • Undergo esterification reactions
  • Have a sour taste

Key Differences

Feature	Aldehydes	Ketones	Carboxylic Acids
Functional Group	CHO	CO	COOH
Reactivity	More reactive	Less reactive	Acidic
Oxidation	Oxidized to carboxylic acids	Cannot be oxidized	Do not undergo oxidation
Examples	Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde	Acetone, butanone	Acetic acid, formic acid

Note: These are just a few key points about aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. 

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