CHEMICAL BONDING Handwritten Short Notes [PDF] 📚

Chemical Bonding: A Comprehensive Overview

Chemical bonding is a fundamental concept in chemistry that describes the forces holding atoms together in molecules and compounds. These forces can be classified into three main types: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Understanding chemical bonding is crucial for understanding the properties and behavior of various substances.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a nonmetal. The metal atom loses electrons to form a cation, while the nonmetal atom gains electrons to form an anion. The opposite charges of the ions attract each other, forming an ionic bond. Examples of ionic compounds include sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium oxide (MgO).

Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding occurs between two nonmetal atoms. Both atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. There are two types of covalent bonding: polar and nonpolar. In polar covalent bonding, the electrons are shared unequally between the atoms, creating a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other. In nonpolar covalent bonding, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. Examples of covalent compounds include water (H2O) and methane (CH4).

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding occurs between metal atoms. In metallic bonding, the outer electrons of the metal atoms are delocalized, meaning they are free to move throughout the metal lattice. This creates a "sea of electrons" that is attracted to the positively charged metal ions. This attraction holds the metal atoms together. Examples of metals include copper, iron, and gold.

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules. They are weaker than chemical bonds. There are three main types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force and are present in all molecules. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole force that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and another highly electronegative atom in a different molecule.

FAQs

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons.

What is metallic bonding?

Metallic bonding occurs between metal atoms and involves the delocalization of electrons.

What are intermolecular forces?

Intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules.

What is the strongest type of chemical bond?

Ionic bonds are generally considered the strongest type of chemical bond.

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonding?

In polar covalent bonding, the electrons are shared unequally, while in nonpolar covalent bonding, the electrons are shared equally.