Physics, a fundamental branch of science, is all about understanding the laws governing the universe. Formulas serve as the backbone of physics, providing a concise and mathematical representation of these laws. By mastering these formulas, you can not only solve problems efficiently but also gain a deeper understanding of the underlying concepts.
This guide aims to provide a comprehensive yet simplified overview of essential physics formulas. It's designed to be a handy reference for students of all levels, from beginners to advanced learners.
How to Use This Formula Sheet
- Identify the topic: Determine the area of physics you're working on (e.g., mechanics, electricity, thermodynamics).
- Locate the relevant formulas: Find the equations that correspond to the concepts you're studying.
- Understand the variables: Familiarize yourself with the symbols used in the formulas and their meanings.
- Practice problem-solving: Apply the formulas to various problems to reinforce your understanding.
Core Concepts
Motion:
- Velocity: v = d/t
- Acceleration: a = Δv/Δt
- Displacement: d = vt + 1/2at²
- Final velocity: v² = u² + 2as
Forces and Momentum:
- Newton's second law: F = ma
- Momentum: p = mv
- Conservation of momentum: p₁ = p₂
Energy:
- Kinetic energy: KE = 1/2mv²
- Potential energy: PE = mgh
- Law of conservation of energy: KE₁ + PE₁ = KE₂ + PE₂
Waves:
- Wave speed: v = fλ
- Standing waves: λ = 2L/n
- Doppler effect: Δf/f₀ = v/c
Electricity and Magnetism Basics
- Electric charge: Q = It
- Ohm's law: V = IR
- Electric power: P = IV
- Magnetic force on a moving charge: F = qvB sin θ
Thermodynamics Simplified
- Temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
- Heat transfer: Q = mcΔT
- First law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W
- Second law of thermodynamics: Heat flows from a hotter to a colder object.
Modern Physics Overview
Relativity:
- Time dilation: t' = t√(1 - v²/c²)
- Length contraction: l' = l√(1 - v²/c²)
Quantum mechanics:
- Planck's equation: E = hf
- De Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Practice Problems and Solutions
To solidify your understanding of these formulas, work through a variety of practice problems. Many textbooks and online resources offer exercises with solutions. By practicing regularly, you'll become more confident in applying formulas to real-world scenarios.
